The Criminal Justice System, Corrections And Their...

The criminal justice system is a complex system with many layers and a rich history in the United States. Over the years, we have discovered what works and what does not, even today we are still learning and debating what’s right and what’s wrong with in this system. This article will discuss three components of the criminal justice system policing, courts, corrections and their intersection with race and gender. Topics include the death penalty, sentencing disparities, racial profiling, stop and frisk and parole release to name a few. History of Policing in the United States Policing in America can be traced back to the 1700’s at a time when slave patrols were beginning to form. According to Kappeler (2014), â€Å"In 1704, the colony of Carolina developed the nation’s first slave patrol. Slave patrols helped to maintain the economic order and to assist the wealthy landowners in recovering and punishing slaves who essentially were considered property.† While slave patrols were dominating in the Southern colonies, night watch men were the police force in the northern colonies. They were charged with keeping order, watching out for fires and keeping charge of slaves, in addition slave patrols were responsible for capturing and returning runaway slaves and ensuring they did not revolt. In the 1800’s slave patrols and night watchmen merged into modern day policing. The first police department in the U.S was established in 1845 in New York City (Cole, Smith, and DeLong, 2014).Show MoreRelated Race, Class And Gender1032 Words   |  5 Pages IN WHAT WAYS DO RACE, CLASS AND GENDER SHAPE PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES IN PRISON? DRAW ON THEORIES AND EXAMPLES/CASE STUDIES TO SUPPORT YOUR CASE. OVERVIEW This essay will explore how race, class and gender shapes practices and experiences in prison. Firstly, a discussion of prison in general is necessary. In other words, what constitutes prisons, its aims and objectives and prison culture (Reeves, 2015). Currently there are 38,845 prisoners in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016)Read MoreInjustice And Social Injustices1532 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Though the concept of social injustice is universal in nature, the experience varies with each person. Factors like a person’ race, or gender can further influence the severity of the injustice; victims caught in the overlap between discriminations often go unrecognized by the law and society. Many people recognize the names Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice as African Americans who were murdered by local police. But names like Michelle Cusseaux, Tanish Anderson, and MeaganRead MorePrison Industrial Complex And Its Interrelationships1734 Words   |  7 Pagesformulated on the basis of unifying the homeland security but it was intended to create a fragmentation in the system which has unequal measures of the risks and security protocols which are followed. The prison industrial complex in this system was designed in order to eliminate people who are considered to be high profile criminals from the society. A lot of funds have been allocated to this system which depend ed entirely on policing strategies and surveillance improvements in order to help reduce theRead MoreRacial Profiling and the African American Male1808 Words   |  8 Pagesfigure, especially if you are a male. The intersection of race and gender for the African American male provides a basis for premature judgment by many authoritative figures in their lives. African American males deserve the same equality to succeed in life as any other human being without the threat of the damned if you do, damned if you don’t moniker that defines the functional ability of African American males. Attention to the American judicial system produces daily evidence that African AmericanRead MoreEffects Of Mass Incarceration1871 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The judicial system has negatively impacted the African American population with mass incarceration, especially for African American women. African American women are being incarcerated at all time high, and there should be a national outcry for these women. When women are incarcerated, she is labeled and stigmatized by their incarceration. Society views incarcerated women as deviant who has gone against social norms. However, research and data has shown that more men are imprisonedRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pages........ 55 QOLP - Army Quality of Life Program ....................... 56 BOSS - Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers ................. 57 CHAMPUS / TRICARE ................................ 58 DEERS - Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System .......... 59 NCODP - Noncommissioned Officer Development Program ......... 60 Weight Control ....................................... 62 Physical Training ...................................... 66 Weapo ns .........................................Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesSeries Library and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition ArleneRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesRESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563

Summary of Durkheims Sociological Theory - 958 Words

Emile Durkheim is one of the major leaders in the delineation of sociology. Durkheim set out on a mission to define how sociology should be considered and how the method of sociology should be used. Although Durkheim’s writing does touch upon certain moral, political organization, and intellectual issues, overall, Durkheim sets out to provide a theoretical construction for the study of sociology. Durkheim desires to understand societal life through various social constructs. His agenda entails â€Å"accurately distinguish[ing] social facts† and further â€Å"show[ing] what it is that gives them their identity† (Giddens 52). He basically would like to analyze how societies work and what factors can be used to describe different aspects between†¦show more content†¦Durkheim set out to find theories and not answers to specific problems. The most basic question of sociology is concerning the factors that hold together society. Durkheim claims that â⠂¬Å"whatever specific mechanisms we find should all relate back to a more fundamental mechanism of which these specific mechanisms are variants† (Collins 186). Durkheim argued that sociology should be searching for this mechanism. He also claimed that he had potentially found such a mechanism which is the law of social gravity. As Collins notes, â€Å"Durkheim’s key explanatory factor is social morphology, the structural relationship among people† (Collins 186). Durkheim concludes that the society determines the individual, meaning that the individual is influenced by the society in which he/she belongs to. There are different variations in social density which â€Å"are the key determinants in every aspect of Durkheim’s theory† (Collins 187). Even further, Durkheim was interested in inducting the laws of all societies by studying more traditional and primitive societies because he believed that they were simpler and more capable of showing th e elementary forms of social life (Collins 183). Durkheim thought the key was to observe modern society through the lens of a more primitive, traditional society. Durkheim only wished to study societies and create laws to help cure society. He was not only looking into the history of society, but he was also looking into theShow MoreRelatedCrime Is Necessary: Durkheim’s Theory of Crime729 Words   |  3 Pagessociety plays a large role in our actions and Durkheim explains that reasons to which why crime is executable. Experts in the Department of Sociology have given their own words and critiques toward Durkheim’s theory. there are many theories of crime out there, but the most agreeable one is Emile Durkheim’s Theory of crime. The french sociologist states in his book Suicide that: â€Å"Now there is no society known where a more or less developed criminality is found under different forms. No people exist whoseRead MoreDurkheim and the Relevance of His Theories in Modern Society1240 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Treat social facts as things† is an expression that epitomises the works of Emile Durkheim. This essay focuses on four main sociological concepts proposed by the functionalist Emile Durkheim; the division of labour; mechanical and organic solidarity; anomie and suicide, and examines their relevance in contemporary society. Along with Marx and Weber, Durkheim is considered one of the founding members of modern sociology. He is also credited with making sociology a science through his applicationRead MoreDurkheim‚Äà ´s theories focusing on sociological methodology, division of labor and social solidarity1195 Words   |  5 PagesEssay 3 – Durkheim 03/29/2014 DURKHEIM: A SUMMARY OF THEORIES IN RELATION TO MARX AND WEBER Durkheim’s theories focusing on sociological methodology, division of labor and social solidarity The majority of Durkheim’s work is interested in society and societies ability to preserve coherence and rationality an period of increasing modernity. Throughout his work Durkheim was intensely concerned that society become a legitimate science, this is especially obvious when reading the book ‘EmileRead MoreDurkheim/Social Facts2127 Words   |  9 PagesStacey Seddon 10 January 2011 Social Theory (SOCI 101) Module Coordinator: Paul Jones Essay Question: Why is the concept of social facts so significant for Durkheim’s work? Illustrate your answer with reference to at least one of his studies. This essay will look at social facts and the significance of them to Durkheim’s work, Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) a French sociologist wrote a series of controversial monographs, showing the methods and subject matter of the new science ofRead MoreSociological Theory3361 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY Compare and contrast the views of three appropriate sociological perspectives to an area of social life of your choosing. Why do we act the way we do? Does the mass media really affect the way a people in a society behave? Sociologists focus on the environment and the social aspects of human behaviour in order to answer questions like these when studying a particular society. A society is defined as a large social group that shares the same geographical territoryRead MoreBiography of Emile Durkheim1258 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching philosophy in 1882. Durkheim also wrote articles mainly on German philosophy and ‘social science’. These had received acknowledgment from Louis lizard, director of higher education in France, also a devoted republican. He was intrigued by Durkheim’s ideas on a scientific French morality. So in 1887 Emile Durkheim was appointed in charge of the social sciences and it was here than ‘Sociology’ first officially entered the French university system. He is commonly cited as the principalRead MoreIntroduction. Women Across The World Struggle To Make Their1454 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Women across the world struggle to make their voices heard so that today’s challenges can be an aspiration in equality for the future. To understand the struggle women are facing around the world, individuals look to feminists and conflict theories that empower and drive domination and oppression. Feminist theorists like West and Zimmerman, MacKinnon, and Smith defend women’s rights and call for an open and organized society that promotes equality for all genders, ethnic, cultural, and religiousRead MoreThe Significance for Economic Anthropology of the Work of Marx and Durkheim1557 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the significance for economic anthropology of the work of Marx and Durkheim? Introduction The works of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim have proved that they were indeed the finding fathers of modern social theory during the late 19th to the early 20th century. Along with others (i.e. Weber, Simmel, Veblen etc.) they had laid down the foundations of our understanding of the relationships that are held between culture and society on one hand, and economic activity on the other hand. Marx sawRead MoreEmile Durkheim’s Notion of Social Solidarity3007 Words   |  13 PagesEmile Durkheim’s Notion of Social Solidarity At the heart of Durkheim’s book of Division of Labor in Society is social solidarity. More than an increase in productive output, social solidarity is deemed to be the most notable effect of the division of labor. Over time, as roles become more distinct and appropriated according to one’s objective, the individuals in a society become more linked to one another. In fact, he tries to make sense of the division of labor as a phenomenon that contributesRead MoreComparison of Marx, Durkheim and Weber1622 Words   |  7 Pagesworlds and times in history, has had such familiarization not only for their respected times but a revelation to today’s systems and structures. Let us explore the minds and studies of the three men, and discover were they either Genius’ or foe? Summary: The â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party† by Karl Mark was first written in 1848 in a time where rules on workers and working conditions where at minimum to none. At the precipice of social and political turmoil in Germany, Mark writes â€Å"The history

Discuss How Difficult Would It Be for Hong Kong to Develop Free Essays

The use of befoul Is not desirable, since It Is not commonly use. It would be difficult for the government to promote because not many people in Hong Kong drive cars and there are other car fuel options, for example LAP. From the economic perspective, developing befoul involves high production cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss How Difficult Would It Be for Hong Kong to Develop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Befoul is not the only option to fight against air pollution. The demand of befoul is not very high and the Hong Kong government could spend the budget on other aspects. Or else people who cannot be benefit from the scheme would just protest, which adversely affect social harmony. On the other hand, from the experience and research of other countries, it is know that developing befoul would cause deforestation and loss of habitat. It would be difficult for the government to develop befoul because people may think that spending heavy cost to do so Just couldn’t solve the problem in a sustainable way. The support from its people would not be enough. From the safety perspective, , since Hong Kong has no experience in handling befoul, accidents may happen. If befoul exploited on a large scale, it would be very dangerous. Accidents not only happen in plants, but also cars, fuel leak could be one of the possibilities that cause harm to the people using befoul. To conclude there are many difficulties In developing and promote befouls to replace peritoneum as car fuels, the government should do consultation and consider the needs of different people before the Implementation. Discuss How Difficult Would It Be for Hong Kong to Develop and Promote Befouls to Replace Petroleum as Car Fee By caterpillar From geographical perspective, bodiless feedstock available in Hong Kong is waste cooking oil and animal fats. Due to the limited space, it is not possible to build many bodiless production plants in Hong Kong, as a result the supply of befoul would not be enough. Moreover, Hong Kong has heavy use of petroleum, since it is cheaper, more efficient and can be imported easily. The use of befoul is not desirable, since it is not commonly use. It would be difficult for the government to promote because not aspects. Or else people who cannot be benefit from the scheme would Just protest, To conclude there are many difficulties in developing and promote befouls to the needs of different people before the implementation. How to cite Discuss How Difficult Would It Be for Hong Kong to Develop, Papers

Homeless What Has Been Done To Decrease The Probl Essay Example For Students

Homeless: What Has Been Done To Decrease The Probl Essay em? Homeless: What Has Been Done To Decrease The Probl Essayem? One of the largest growing concerns in Toronto is the constantly increasing number of citizens who are finding themselves living on the streets. With the decrease in the number of available jobs, the population of homeless people has literally boomed. My questions are not as simple to answer as they may appear. Why is a large portion of our community forced to live on the streets? What has be done to decrease the problem? These are the questions I will confront in my essay. With the economical wealth attributed to the name Canada, one would have to wonder why there is a homeless situation at all. This problem is especially evident in Canadas wealthiest city, Toronto. When it comes to the affairs of the people, it is the government who should intervene. When I look at what the government has done with regard to the homeless problem, I have to doubt that everything is being done to eradicate it. The United Nations implemented a universal declaration of human rights. Article 25 Section 1 of this declaration states: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and to the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. This is a step in the right direction. However, this is not enough. These rights are subject to the discretion of the government of the country who decides to obey these universal rights. How much is adequate? The government, both at the federal and municipal levels, is currently working on new spending cuts. These cuts also include spending on welfare, unemployment and social services that are geared towards helping the homeless. Spending cuts can be seen as a necessity to maintain the country economically, but the reason for having a government in the first place is to take care of the people. How can this be done when money is being taken away from those services that are necessary to uphold this obligation? Simply put, it cannot. Those obligations are served by nonprofit organizations who depend on government grants to maintain a standard of care for those who need the services. The blame cannot be placed only on the government. Such a system of assistance depends on its beneficiaries to be honest and have some integrity. Many recipients of these services attempt to cheat the system. With no will to search for work many of these recipients remain at home and reap the benefits of their weekly cheques. This causes the government to create other services to control the amounts of money being distributed to those people. This process is costly and would be unnecessary if all of the recipients decided to take an honest approach to this service. What can the government do to decrease the homeless population? Although there is no quick and easy answer to solve this difficult problem, Toronto has the means to attempt economical ways to research and come up with ideas to solve it. Here in Ontario we have many excellent universities and colleges with equally excellent students who are taking courses in the political sciences. If the government were to cooperate with these universities and colleges and have them work in conjunction with the current research groups, then the answer to decrease the homeless population would be effectively answered. The government would encounter little expense and at the same time give the students a chance to implement what they are learning into real life situations. Everyone benefits from this idea and there are no losers. The Introduction Of Airasia Commerce EssayIn conclusion I think that our homeless problem could eventually be rooted out entirely if everyone were to take part in the care of their fellow neighbour. If we were to stop being self-centered and start thinking about the other person who has less than us, I am sure that we would benefit from it. It isnt all that hard. A few advertisements on the television and radio, a little push from our societys leaders and we would be off on the right track. That worked for the recycling program. Now we should try employing this idea for even better reasons. I doubt that I will be around to see this idea in use all around the world, but I do hope that I can one .

Gross Grammar That vs. Which

â€Å"That† and â€Å"which† are often mistakenly used interchangeably in writing, but the two words actually perform different functions. Knowing when to use them correctly is a matter of understanding the difference between a restrictive clause and a non-restrictive clause. That should be used to begin a restrictive clause. Which should be used to begin a non-restrictive clause. Restrictive Clauses A restrictive clause contains necessary information that changes the meaning of the sentence if removed. â€Å"The walls that have graffiti on them should be painted over.† â€Å"The boats that are full of water need to be taken away.† â€Å"Robots that are made of metal are not the best value.† A restrictive clause, as you can see from the examples above, restrict the meaning of a sentence to something specific. Non-Restrictive Clauses A non-restrictive clause contains flavor text that could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. These clauses are generally accompanied by commas surrounding them. â€Å"Speed boats, which are allowed on many bodies of water, should be used with safety in mind.† â€Å"I do most of my work on my computer, which is in my bedroom.† If I removed the non-restrictive clauses from the examples, it wouldn’t alter the meaning of the sentence. Why Use Them Correctly? Switching the two terms can change the meaning of a sentence, so it’s important to use them correctly. â€Å"My dog that is hairless loves to chew on my futon.† â€Å"My dog, which is hairless, loves to chew on my futon† Notice the difference? The first sentence indicates that, specifically, your hairless dog is the one that likes to chew on your furniture (maybe you have multiple dogs). The second sentence makes it seem as if you have one dog, he’s hairless, and he loves to chew on your futon. It’s a subtle difference, but as a freelance content writer, it is best to be as clear as possible. Who Finally, when you are referring to people, don’t use that or which. Use â€Å"who† instead. â€Å"The boy who had the milkshake ran away.† Clarity is important in article writing. If your readers can’t follow your meaning, they will often stop reading. Using restrictive and non-restrictive clauses effectively will contribute to your submissions being clear and correct.

Bali essays

Bali essays Bali is located in an archipelago country of Indonesia. It is an island in the Southern part of Indonesia, in the Indian Ocean. There is no other island more beautiful than Bali. The island is nicknamed "Island of the Gods" for its natural beauty and friendly Balinese. Bali is one big sculpture. Every status is manicured and polished with such delicate details, every niche and field is carved by men. The surface of the island is marked by deep ravines, fast flowing river, and a stretch of volcanic chain. On the plains of Bali, rice fields are exquisitely carved out of hills and valleys, and the water is just sparkling with green. Besides rice, crops such as tea, cacao, groundnuts and tropical fruits flourish in the island. Balinese are skilled artists. They do extremely well in woodcarving. The women of Bali are noted for their traditional dancing and for their skills in weaving clothes from thread as well as embroidering silk and cotton. The majority of Balinese believe in the teaching of Hinduism. Unlike Hinduism in India, in Bali Hinduism has developed on its own line of faith. The Balinese are scared witless of ghosts, goblins, and the like, which could disguise themselves as black cats, naked women, and the crows. Spirits dominate everything the Balinese do, and they are constantly offering fruit and flowers to calm down angry deities. According to the Balinese faith, there are sun gods, deer gods, deities, and many other gods. Clay figures of some of the gods are put in the house. Offerings are then offered to these figures. Usually the offerings consist of banana leaves holding a few grains of rice, fruits and flowers. In Bali, there are temples everywhere. There are temples in houses, in courtyards, marketplaces, cemeteries, and rice paddies, on beaches, even within the roots of really old trees. At most intersections and other dangerous places, temples are erected to prevent mishaps. Even in the middle of jungl...

Theodore Roosevelt as a president Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theodore Roosevelt as a president - Essay Example Mahatma Gandhi, on the other hand, believed in speaking softly and carrying no stick. He is believed to achieve Independence through the use of soft power or non-violence. "Soft" power is the strength of your ability to make yourself attractive according to Professor Nye. America displays its soft power in its exports of products and culture around the world shown by people's appreciation for what America has to offer. To address the changing realities and the dynamism in today's politics, it has become imperative for the United States to follow a new or rather a different approach adapted to the facts of a new century. Such a policy will require an in-depth analysis of the policies implemented by various rulers at different points in time and contrasting those with the needs of the present era. The "war on terror" has been fought with military force which has not produced the desired results.

Strategic Management in the Financial Crisis Essay

Strategic Management in the Financial Crisis - Essay Example The study Strategic Management in the Financial Crisis explores the period of the great credit crisis that first had a toll on the United States’ financial sector before other parts of the globe had its impact. This may have been because of various issues of failure within companies that even made them fail to meet targets before the financial crisis period. With the resource utilization reaching the maximum limits compounded further by a relatively high wage rate, most enterprises were feeling the pinch in the reduction of their rates of return. The widening of international trade and the strengthening of global capital flows have led to a significant rise in cross-border assets and liabilities, as well as to financial linkages across countries and regions. The key implications of such developments have been a wider spread of shocks and stronger co-movements in macroeconomic variables. There are various issues that have been raised and a major one has been that of the failure of corporate governance as shall be discussed in the paper. It is clear that good corporate governance actually operates effectively in two distinct areas which may include measures put in place to guard against opportunistic or conflicted behaviour by financial technocrats with aims of maximizing wealth. According to good management principles, corporate governance best practice is important and essential for the protection of shareholders and other stakeholders against the often conflicting interests of dealers in the financial sector. Blundell-Wignall et al (2009) point out the need to clarify the responsibilities of regulatory institutions and to restore confidence in the integrity of financial institutions. Independent audits of financial statements provide a check against fraud, and a verified overview of financial evolution of the business. Blundell-Wignall et al (2009) also state that considerable flexibility should be envisaged as regards liquidity management. Quantitative measures and indicators should be integrated into the process in proportion to the degree that they are robust and operational. There is an overall bias in many countries' tax systems which work to encourage corporate leverage. The interface between tax, leverage and excess risk taking is complex. Blundell-Wignall et al. note that the US approach shares the risks of buying toxic assets between the taxpayers and investors creates buyer demand and prevents dumping of assets that would prolong the crisis phase, and is an open-market approach. It is important to foster corporate structures that enhance both stability and competition. The complexity of some corporate groups has been identified in both governance and risk control issues. As a

MArketting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MArketting - Assignment Example This reflects the success of the company in various countries (Jumeirah International, 2013). The company has mainly eyed tourist attractions and travel destinations for the placement of its properties and this have hugely contributed towards the instant popularity of the group in that particular area. The architectural finesse of the group is appreciated the world over and these hotels and resorts are the sought after destinations for sight-seeing purposes too. As a part of its expansion plan, the Jumeirah group is viewing the feasibility of setting up its foot in India, also a country in Asia with huge population and growing economy. The hospitality sector is estimated to generate revenue of $ 30 billion by 2015 (ICRA Limited, 2011). This paper aims to undertake environmental analysis that would help the parent company in arriving at a positive decision towards establishing their business in India. In order to evaluate the macro-environment of the country with regard to the hotel industry, a PEST analysis is conducted. The sector is explored to assess the political, economic, social and technological factors that impact the business. The hospitality industry hugely contributes towards the economy by the way of taxes and tariffs, as per the luxury and services that they provide. Thus, decisions pertinent to hotel industry are definitely under the scrutiny of the government and its intervention into the operations in the sector is inevitable. Incentives and tax concessions are given to aspirant hoteliers serving foreign tourists and generating income in foreign currencies. The government also allows tax concessions for hotels in hilly areas and remote places and these concessions helped the industry wade through the economic crises. However, the terrorist attacks in Taj hotel at Mumbai has affected the sector, as the tourists do not feel enough secure in these lodging set

Problem Statement Scope And Limitation Engineering Essay

Problem Statement Scope And Limitation Engineering Essay In this research ZnO thin film will be doped with aluminium using sol-gel spin-coating method. Then the Al-doped ZnO thin film (as seed catalyst) on a glass substrate will be then layered bottom of an aligned ZnO nanorod structure which was prepared using sonicated sol-gel immersion technique. The nanorod thin film parameters will be characterizing through its I-V curve characteristics and also the optical and absorbance of aligned ZnO nanorod thin film. INTRODUCTION 1.2.1 Background study UV sensor or stands for ultraviolet sensor are important devices that can be used in commercial and military applications. The applications are including gas sensing, space research, high temperature flame detection, air quality monitoring and many more. UV detectors currently used silicon-based detectors and photomultiplier tubes. These materials require costly filters and attenuators. However by replacing those technologies with wide band-gap semiconductors such as zinc oxide (ZnO) have been suggested [1]. UV light emitting or receiving devices, solar cells, gas sensor and transparent electrodes are some of the zinc oxide applications. Various deposition methods such as chemical vapor deposition, sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy were used to fabricate ZnO thin films. However, these deposition methods are high production cost because required high temperature processing and vacuum technology [2]. In this paper, the purpose of this research is to fabricate ultraviolet sensor using zinc oxide thin film and characterize the sensor performances by its electrical properties. Furthermore, this research is to characterize aluminum doping concentration and the nanostructure of zinc oxide thin film. In this research, sol-gel spin coating method was used to prepare Al doped zinc oxide thin film and an aligned ZnO nanorod structured thin films on a glass substrate by the sonicated sol-gel immersion method. 1.2.2 Literature Review ZnO is an n-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 3.42eV and because of the oxygen vacancies and intrinsic defects such as interstitial zinc atoms, the electrical conductivity of the films is large [3]. It is very good material for electronic device application due to its wide band gap and large exciton binding energy of 60meV [4]. The properties of ZnO thin film can be improve by a doping process and annealing process [3]. There are that focus on the doping process. To improved electrical or optical properties of ZnO, ZnO were frequently doped with group 3, 4 and 5 elements such as Gallium (Ga), Sn and Aluminium (Al) [5]. Al doping is most suitable because its cheap, abundant and non-toxic material and will produce Al doped ZnO thin film with higher optical transmittance and low resistivity in infrared region [4]. From the journal [6], radio-frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering method was used to deposit Al-doped ZnO on the smooth nucleation side of FSD films by. The electrical properties were discussed. The first electron concentration increased and next decreased with the increase of Al doping concentration. The maximum carrier concentration achieve when the film is doped with 2at% Al. Hall mobility is inversely proportional to the Al doping concentration. The high temperature annealing process is use to enhance the Hall mobility of the films [6]. From the journal [7], ZnO thin films with various weight percentages of aluminium and the electrical properties were discussed using sol-gel dip-coating method. The conductivity shows higher response of the doped ZnO thin films under UV compared with dark condition. Both condition proof that the conductivity of ZnO is directly proportional to doping concentration. The optical band gap energy is also directly proportional with doping concentration. The transmittance of ZnO thin films is about 75% when wavelength from 390nm to 850nm. From the journal [8], at different dopant concentration the electrical properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films were discussed using sol-gel method. The resistance first decrease with increase aluminium ion concentration. Then the resistance of doped thin films increased with increasing dopant concentration and it decreases at higher Al concentration. The transmittance of ZnO thin films is about 80% when wavelength from 370nm to 850nm. The advantage of gallium is an excellent dopant for increasing the conductivity and this source is less reactive and more resistive oxidation. Based on the journal [5], Ga-doped ZnO nanowires were growth using thermal deposition method. The ZnO nanowires have grown uniformly with high yield and average length of each nanowire is about 1.3um. From the XRD pattern, it can be deduced that the Ga element doped into the nanowires creates a clear broadening. The Ga-doped ZnO nanowires have a greater field-enhancement factor than the undoped ZnO nanowires [5]. Aqueous solution process with post-growth rapid photothermal processing (RPP) was used to prepare Sn-doped ZnO nanorods to develop aligned Sn-doped ZnO nanostructure. Aqueous solution method was chosen in preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles structure due to its cost and environment friendly. Rapid photothermal processing (RPP) as an alternatives of thermal annealing was combine with aqueous solution due to short cycle time, reduced exposure and flexibility [9]. Based on journals [6], [7] and [8], the optimum doping concentration of aluminium is 2at%, 5at% and 1.5at% respectively. Optimal aluminium doping concentration will gives highly semiconducting properties of Al-doped ZnO thin film for application UV sensor [4]. A research had done on various Al doping concentration and the optimum doping concentration is at 1at% Al. This research will used 1at% Al concentration based on journal [4]. Aligned ZnO nanorods that were prepared using sonication method are a simple way and very low cost method compared to other techniques. It also will growth high quality ZnO nanorod with a small diameter size [10]. 1.2.3 Problem Statement, Scope and Limitation Most people are aware of the effects of UV through the painful condition of sunburn, but the UV spectrum has many other effects whether its benefits or damaging to human health. Too much exposure to UV radiation can affect human health. UV application for optical sensor used 230 nm to 400nm wavelength which is ultraviolet B (UVB) which is harmful to human skin. Since it is harmful to human skin, metal oxide semiconductor films have been considered due to its excellent chemical and physical properties. One of them is zinc oxide material. Zinc oxide is not only good in optoelectronic but also in electrical properties. Zinc oxide is then will be doped with aluminium to enhanced the zinc oxide thin film properties by using sol-gel spin-coating method. It is important to choose the right method for preparing aligned ZnO nanorod. The scope of this research is to investigate the electrical properties (I-V characteristic) and the optical properties of the ZnO nanorod thin film at different i mmersion time. The limitations of this research are on the solution preparation and deposition condition which are different for different groups and on the fix parameter. 1.2.4 Significant of the research The nanomaterials based sensors are raising the advantage of size reduction and enhanced functionality [12]. This research will used a simple method to prepare an aligned ZnO nanorod thin film which is sol-gel immersion method which is this method has not been reported by any research group. Moreover it is very low-cost method. 1.2.5 Objectives To prepare Al-doped ZnO thin film as seed catalyst layer. To prepare aligned ZnO nanorod thin film at different immersion time. To fabricate aligned ZnO nanorod thin film based UV photoconductive sensor. To characterize fabricated UV sensor. 1.2.6 Research Questions To achieve the objective of this research, some research questions would need to focus on which are: What is the I-V curve characteristic of aligned ZnO nanorod thin films before and after exposing to the UV illumination? What is the optical and absorbance characteristic of aligned ZnO nanorod thin films? How to fabricate ZnO thin film? What is the factor affecting the nanostructure ZnO thin film before and after exposing to the UV illumination? CHAPTER 2 2.1 Research Methodology 2.1.1 Al doped ZnO thin films Sol-gel spin-coating method was used to prepare Al doped ZnO thin films. The solution include zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O) as precursor, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3 9H2O) as a dopant source,monoethanolamine (MEA, C2H7N14) as a stabilizer and 2-methoxyethanol as a solvent were prepared. The concentration of aluminium nitrate was 1.0at% Al doping and the molar ratio of MEA to zinc acetate was fixed at 1.0. At 3 hours before aged at room temperature for 24hours to yield clear and homogeneous solutions the solution was stirred at 80Â °C. The solutions were then used for deposition process by spin-coating technique. Substrates used were microscope on the glass substrates. At room temperature, the spin-coating was performed using 10 drops of solution per deposition with a speed of 3000rpm for 60s. The films were preheated in atmosphere ambient at 150Â °C for 10 minutes to evaporate the solvent each time after deposition process. The films were annealed at 500Â ° C for 1 hour in air ambient using a furnace (Protherm) after repeating the coating procedure 10 times. The crystal structure and orientation of ZnO thin films were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The cross-section of the film thickness is observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). By using UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer, the optical properties of ZnO thin films were measured in the wavelength range from 200 nm to 1500nm. The electrical properties were measured by dc probing system [4]. Start Prepare the solution of zinc oxide Precursor : zinc acetate dehydrate Stabilizer : monoethanolamine Dopant source : aluminium nitrate nonahydrate Solvent : 2-methoxyethanol Heat and stir the solution Temperature : 80Â °C Time : 3hr Solution stirring and aging Temperature : room temperature Time : 24hr Thin film deposition using spin-coating tech. Speed : 3000rpm Time : 60s Temperature : room temperature Solution : 10 drops of solution per deposition Thin film drying Temperature : 150Â °C Time : 10min Repeat 10 times Thin film annealing Temperature : 500Â °C Time : 1hr End 2.1.2 Aligned ZnO nanorod structure An aligned ZnO nanorod structure was prepared using the sonicated sol-gel immersion method on a glass substrate coated with a ZnO thin film that had been doped with 1at% Al. The sol-gel coating method was used to prepare the Al-doped ZnO thin film as a seeded catalyst that was prepared on the glass substrate. A solution was prepared of 0.1M zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn (NO3)2 .6H2O) and 0.1M hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, H2NCH2CH2OH) in deionized water (DI). At 50Â °C for 30 minutes using an ultrasonic water bath, this solution was sonicated. The solution was then aged and stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The sonicated and aged solution was poured into a Schott bottle, at the bottom which had been placed the horizontal Al-doped ZnO thin film coated glass substrate. The capped bottle was then immersed in a 95Â °C water bath for 4 hours. After the immersion process, the sample was cleaned with DI water and allowed to dry in ambient air. By using field emission scanning electro n microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the resulting ZnO nanorod structure was characterized for surface morphology and crystallinity. The optical transmittance and absorbance properties of the sample were characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer [10]. Start Prepare the solution in deionized water 0.1M zinc nitrate hexahydrate 0.1M hexamethylenetetramine Sonicated solution using an ultrasonic water bath Temperature : 50Â °C Time : 30min Solution stirring and aging Temperature : room temperature Time : 3hr Placed the horizontal Al-doped ZnO thin film coated glass substrate at the bottom Schott bottle. Poured sonicated and aged solution Immersion process Temperature : 95Â °C water bath Time : 4hr Clean with DI water and dry in ambient air Nanorod structure characterization Electrical properties Optical properties End CHAPTER 3 3.1 Conclusion The electrical properties of ZnO thin film improved when ZnO thin film was doped with aluminium. Optimum aluminium doping concentration will gives highly semiconducting properties of Al-doped ZnO thin film for application UV sensor. It is important to find low cost method. The ZnO nanorods have an average diameter of 100nm. An average optical transmittance of 78% was observed. The electrical properties and optical properties of an aligned ZnO nanorod thin film were affected when varying the immersion time. High degree of crystalline, large surface area availability, a visible wavelength transparency and high UV absorption properties, this method show its suitable for UV sensor application.

Business Plan for Progressive Consulting Essay example -- GCSE Busines

Business Plan for Progressive Consulting 1. 0 Executive Summary Progressive Consulting will be formed as a consulting company specializing in marketing of high technology products in international markets. Its founders are former marketers of consulting services, personal computers, and market research, all in international markets. They are founding Progressive Consulting to formalize the consulting services they offer. 1. 2 Mission Progressive Consulting offers high-tech manufacturers a reliable, high quality alternative to in-house resources for business development, market development, and channel development on an international scale. A true alternative to in house resources offers a very high level of practical experience; know how, contacts, and confidentiality. Clients must know that working with Progressive Consulting is a more professional, less risky way to develop new areas even than working completely in house with their own people. Progressive Consulting must also be able to maintain financial balance, charging a high value for its services, and delivering an even higher value to its clients. Initial focus will be development in the European and Latin American markets, or for European clients in the United States market. 1. 3 Keys to Success Excellence in fulfilling the promise completely confidential, reliable, trustworthy expertise and information. Developing visibility to generate new business leads. Leveraging from a single pool of expertise into multiple revenue generation opportunities: retainer consulting, project consulting, market research, and market research published reports. 2. 0 Company Summary Progressive Consulting is a new company providing high-level expertise in international high-tech business development, channel development, distribution strategies, and marketing of high tech products. It will focus initially on providing two kinds of international triangles: Providing United States clients with development for European and Latin American markets. Providing European clients with development for the United States and Latin American markets. As it grows it will take on people and consulting work in related markets, such as the rest of Latin America, and the Far East, and similar markets. As it grows it will look for additi... ... 1995 1996 1997 ____________________________________________________________________ Gross margin 72.97% 85.81% 84.90% Net profit margin 4.57% 11.25% 14.92% Return on Assets 12.38% 20.64% 25.49% Return on Equity 50.05% 61.73% 51.37% Activity Ratios: AR Turnover 6.30 7.77 6.66 Collection days 29 45 45 Inventory Turnover 0.00 0.00 0.00 Accts payable turnover 7.67 7.06 7.35 Total asset turnover 2.71 1.83 1.71 Debt Ratios: 1995 1996 1997 ____________________________________________________________________ Debt to net Worth 3.04 1.99 1.02 Short-term Debt to Liab. 0.70 0.82 0.83 Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratio 1.91 1.83 2.39 Quick Ratio 1.91 1.83 2.39 Net Working Capital $104,050 $191,250 $340,450 Interest Coverage 4.15 5.90 9.38

Acid Mine Drainage in the Mid-Atlantic Region

Acid Mine Drainage ( AMD ) is presently the chief pollutant of surface H2O in the middle Atlantic part. AMD is caused when H2O flows over or through sulphur-bearing stuffs organizing solutions of net sourness. AMD comes chiefly from abandoned coal mines and presently active excavation. AMD degrades more than 4,500 watercourse stat mis in the middle Atlantic part with the loss of aquatic life, and restricts watercourse usage for diversion, public imbibing H2O and industrial H2O supplies ( U.S. Environmental Protection Urgency, 2009:27 ) South Africa is a water-stressed state. Security of H2O supply has become a cardinal strategic issue every bit good as driver for continued and sustained economic growing and service bringing to the people of South Africa. The South African excavation sector is one of the critical pillars and drivers of the South African economic system. However, excavation activities are besides associated with environmental taint such as acerb mine drainage ( AMD ) . AMD is extremely acidic H2O, normally incorporating high concentrations of metals, sulfides, and salts as a effect of excavation activity. The major beginnings of AMD include drainage from belowground mine shafts, overflow and discharge from unfastened cavities and mine waste mopess, shadowings and ore reserves, which make up about 88 % of all waste produced in South Africa. Drain from abandoned belowground mine shafts into surface H2O systems ( decant ) may happen as the mine shafts fill with H2O. Although the chemical science of AMD coevals is straightforward, the concluding merchandise is a map of the geology of the excavation part, presence of microorganisms, temperature and besides of the handiness of H2O and O. These factors are extremely variable from one part to another, and, for this ground, the anticipation, bar, containment and intervention of AMD must be co nsidered carefully and with great specificity. The gold excavation industry in South Africa ( chiefly the Witwatersrand Goldfield ) is in diminution, but the post-closure decant of AMD is an tremendous menace, and this could go worse if remedial activities are delayed or non implemented. For illustration, acid mine H2O started to pour from defunct flooded belowground mine workings near Krugersdorp on the West Rand in August 2002, taking to contaminated surface H2O. Randfontein and the Wonderfontein Spruit are besides debatable. These instances have received significant media attending, which has been critical of the attempts so far to turn to the jobs. In the absence of redress, there is likely to be well more decant in future, with potentially terrible deductions for aquatic systems. AMD from coal excavation is debatable in the Highveld Coalfield in Mpumalanga, and has been reflected by media attending on the effects of terrible pollution seen in the Loskop Dam and the Olifants River Catchment. It is likely that new coal excavation in the Waterberg Coalfield ( Limpopo Province ) will take to similar jobs in that country in the hereafter ( CSIR: Briefing Note 2009/02 August 2009 ) 2.3.2 Acid Mine Drainage Mine drainage is metal-rich H2O formed from chemical reaction between H2O and stones incorporating sulphur-bearing minerals. The overflow formed is normally acidic and often comes from countries where ore or coal excavation activities have exposed stones incorporating fool's gold, a sulfur bearing mineral. Metal-rich drainage can besides happen in mineralized countries that have non been mined. Acid Mine Drainage occurs as follows: & A ; bull ; Mine drainage is formed when fool's gold, an Fe sulfide, is exposed and reacts with air and H2O to organize sulfuric acid and dissolved Fe ; & A ; bull ; Some or all of this Fe can precipitate to organize the ruddy, orange, or xanthous deposits in the underside of watercourses incorporating mine drainage ; & A ; bull ; The acid overflow further dissolves heavy metals such as Cu, lead, quicksilver into land or surface H2O ; & A ; bull ; The rate and grade by which acid-mine drainage returns can be increased by the action of certain bacteriums. Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage are as follows: & A ; bull ; Contaminated imbibing H2O ; & A ; bull ; Disrupted growing and reproduction of aquatic workss and animate beings ; and & A ; bull ; Corroding effects of acid on parts of substructure such as Bridgess The badness of, and impacts from, AMD/ARD are chiefly a map of the mineralogy of the stone stuff and the handiness of H2O and O some dissolved metals may stay in solution. Dissolved metals in acerb drainage may include lead, Cu, Ag, manganese, Cd, Fe, and Zn, among other metals. Elevated concentrations of these metals in surface H2O and groundwater can prevent its usage as imbibing H2O or aquatic home ground ( Banister et al. , 2002:4 ) . 2.3.3 Acid Drainage Generation Acid is generated at mine sites when metal sulphide minerals are oxidized and sufficient H2O is present to mobilise the sulfur ion. Metal sulfide minerals are common components in the host stone associated with metal excavation activity. Prior to excavation, oxidization of these minerals and the formation of sulfuric acid is a map of natural weathering procedures. The oxidization of undisturbed ore organic structures followed by the release of acid and mobilisation of metals is slow. Natural discharge from such sedimentations airss little menace to having aquatic ecosystems except in rare cases. Mining and mineral extraction operations greatly increase the rate of these same chemical reactions by taking big volumes of sulphide stone stuff and exposing increased surface country to air and H2O. Materials/wastes that have the possible to bring forth ARD as a consequence of metal excavation activity include mined stuff, such as spent ore from pile and dump leach operations, shadowings, and waste stone units, every bit good as overburden stuff. AMD coevals in the mines themselves occurs at the cavity walls in the instance of surface excavation operations and in the belowground workings associated with belowground mines. The potency for a mine or its associated waste to bring forth acid and release contaminations depends on many factors and is site-specific. These site-specific factors can be categorized as coevals factors, control factors, and physical factors. Coevals factors determine the ability of the stuff to bring forth acid. Water and O are necessary to bring forth acerb drainage ; certain bacteriums enhance acerb coevals. Water serves as a reactant, a medium for bacteriums, and the conveyance medium for the oxidization merchandises. A ready supply of atmospheric O is required to drive the oxidization reaction. Oxygen is peculiarly of import in keeping the rapid oxidization catalyzed by bacteriums at pH values below 3.5. Oxidation of sulfides is significantly reduced when the concentration of O in the pore infinites of mining waste units is less than 1 or 2 per centum. Different bacteriums are better suited to different pH degrees and physical factors ( discussed below ) . The type of bacteriums and population sizes change as growing conditions are optimized ( Wade et al, 2002:5 ) Chemical control factors determine the merchandises of oxidization reaction. These factors include the ability of the coevals stone or having H2O to either neutralize the acid ( positive consequence ) or to alter the wastewater character by adding metals ions mobilized by residuary acid ( negative consequence ) . Neutralization of acid by the alkalinity released when acerb reacts with carbonate minerals is an of import agencies of chairing acerb production and can function to detain the oncoming of acerb production for long periods or even indefinitely. The most common neutralizing minerals are calcite and dolomite. Merchandises from the oxidization reaction, such as H ions and metal ions, may besides respond with other non-neutralizing components. Possible reactions include ion exchange on clay atoms, gypsum precipitation, and disintegration of other minerals. The disintegration of other minerals contributes to the contaminant burden in the acerb drainage. Examples of metals happeni ng in the dissolved signifier include aluminum, manganese, Cu, lead, Zn, and others ( Pulles et al. , 2005:7 ) . Physical factors include the physical features of the waste or construction, the manner in which acid-generating and acid-neutralizing stuffs are placed, and the local hydrology. The physical nature of the stuff, such as atom size, permeableness, and physical weathering features, is of import to the acerb coevals potency. Though hard to weigh, each of these factors influences the potency for acerb coevals and is, hence, an of import consideration for long term waste direction. Particle size is a cardinal concern because it affects

Special Education Assessments of Functional Abilities

Special Education Assessments of Functional Abilities Functional Tests For children with significantly disabling conditions, they need to have their functional abilities addressed before addressing other skills, such as language, literacy and math.   In order to master these subjects, students need to be able first to independently take care of their own needs: feeding, dressing, toileting and bathing or showering themselves (all known as self care.)   These skills are of great importance for the future independence and quality of life for these students with disabilities.   In order to decide which skills need to be addressed, a special educator needs to assess their skills. There are several tests of life and functional skills. One of the best known is the ABLLS (pronounced A-bels) or Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills. Designed as an instrument for assessing students specifically for Applied Behavioral Analysis and discrete trial training, it is an observational instrument that can be completed through interview, indirect observation or direct observation. You can purchase a kit with many of the items required for certain items, such as naming 3 of 4 letters on letter cards. A time consuming instrument, it is also meant to be cumulative, so a test book goes with a child from year to year as they acquire skills.   Some teachers of children with significantly disabling conditions will design programs, especially in early intervention programs, to specifically address deficits in their assessment. Another well known and reputable assessment is the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition. The Vineland is normed against a large population across ages. Its weakness is that it is comprised of parents and teachers surveys. These are indirect observations, which are really susceptible to subjective judgement (Mommys little boy can do no wrong.) Still, when comparing language, social interaction and function at home with typically developing same aged peers, the Vineland provides the special educator with a view of the students social, functional and pre-academic needs.   In the end the parent or caregiver is the expert in that childs strengths and needs.   The Callier Asuza Scale was designed to assess the function of blind-deaf students, but is also a good tool for assessing the function of children with multiple handicaps, or children on the Autistic Spectrum with lower function. The G Scale is the best for this cohort, and is easy to use based on a teachers observation of a childs function. A much quicker tool than the ABBLs or Vineland, it provides a quick snapshot of a childs function, but doesnt provide as much descriptive or diagnostic information.   Still, in the present levels of an IEP, your purpose is to describe the students abilities in order to assess what needs to be mastered.

Farewell to Arms essays

Farewell to Arms essays Ernest Hemingways novel A Farewell to Arms uses nature to provide symbols that foreshadow events and also replace human emotion. In Hemingway the symbols are implicit; they follow the laws of reality to such a degree that in themselves form a whole, full-blooded stories (Bjorneboe). The replacement of emotions with symbols allows Hemingway to frequently understate what is really going on in the action. The symbols are used repeatedly therefore unifying the book and at points the reader even knows what the weather is going to be like. In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway portrays his points through the natural symbols of rain, mountains, and plains. Throughout A Farewell to Arms, rain is used not as a symbol of life but as a recurring symbol of death and despair. The inexorable march of tragic warning which is echoed in the imagery, the rain(Rovit 105). This is a rain associated with darkness, mud, and death. In A Farewell to Arms the dominant state of mind- the sense of death, defeat, failure, nothingness, emptiness- is conveyed chiefly by the image of rain with all its tonal associates, mist, wetness, dampness, river, and fog(Schneider 286). Hemingway uses rain to foreshadow the coming of war. As winter came to an end and the snows change to rain the fighting commences. After a great battle the soldiers come home wet and muddy with a look of death upon their faces. The retreat begins, orderly, wet and sullen, with troops marching under the rain(Schneider 294). The rains also foreshadow Fredericks relationship with Catherine. It is not until March when it begins to rain and that old failure and bitterness threatens to shatter the lovers happiness (Schneider 296). The rains relentlessly follow the lovers wherever they go, and are present when the two lovers try to escape the army by rowing across the lake. The rain, which they have become to r...

Reflect on Vygotskian Adolescense Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflect on Vygotskian Adolescense - Assignment Example During the age of adolescence, Vygotsky attributed the changes to sexual maturation and other forms of physiological maturation. In this case, sexual maturation refers to the emergence of new stimuli and needs. This refers to the aspects that determine change in a system of interests. Vygotsky also emphasized on the fact that the development of interests is dependent on the content of social-cultural development. There are a number of shortcomings of using this theory. Vygotsky does not outline the reason for the occurrence of the new motives in adolescents. According to Vygotsky, change in motives results from the reconstruction of adolescent sexual desires and needs. This occurs because adolescents have the ability to operate at levels of formal logical thought. However, he does not explain the mechanisms used during the reconstruction (Karpov, 2009). Additionally, the idea of motives contradicts his earlier theoretical notions. This theory can be criticized based on the fact that Vygotsky leans on the mental development of the motives. The second Neo-Vygotsky’s area of research that will be analyzed is idea of development through social interactions. According to Neo-Vygotsky, adolescents learn through their interactions with their environment or society. Their interactions with their environment enable them to learn about moral norms and values. However, the transformation of social consciousness to self-consciousness is not a passive process of adoption. Neo-Vygotsky theorists argue that the components of social consciousness are internalized and mastered through the application of problem solving strategies. In this case, adolescents test their moral norms and values based on their interactions with their peers. These are also based on their ability to internalize mental processes and make small variations to original processes. Social interaction during the period of adolescence

Coral Reefs in the Philippines and the trophic levels and organism Research Paper

Coral Reefs in the Philippines and the trophic levels and organism localization and interaction specific to this area - Research Paper Example From the lowest level to the higher level, organisms feed on each other, with the latter being decomposers that break down the tertiary consumers into components used by the producers for their growth (Alex, 2009). This ideally means that at each level, organisms depend on each other for survival. In the primary producers level; photosynthetic organisms that make their own food by synthesizing organic compounds, there are mainly coralline algae, filamentous turf algae, and other species of seaweeds (Alicea, 2006). For primary consumers, mainly zooplankton and invertebrate larvae feed on the primary producers for their food and acquisition of energy. In this level, organisms such as jellyfish form around the coral polyps to interact with the reefs by offering protection from predators in the secondary consumer level (Alex, 2009). In the secondary consumer level mostly plankton consumers such as parrotfish common in the Philippines coral reefs, which interact with algae by the parrotfish feeding on the microalgae (Alicea, 2006). Microalgae usually cover the reefs making them unhealthy by preventing their growth. Others in the same level include Sixbar wrasse of Thalassoma Hardwicke species and Double whiptail of the Pentapodus emeryii species. These feed on small fish that when reduce in numbers, result in an increase of algae, thereby requiring parrotfish to prevent algae from covering the coral reefs hence hindering their growth. The final level is made up of tertiary consumers, majorly carnivores that feed on the secondary consumers. With increased feeding on algae by the parrotfish, algae reduce substantively thereby reducing their population, and hence reduced growth of the coral reef. The parrotfish play a substantive role in the Philippines coral reefs ecosystem, making them irreplaceable. Alicea, E. (2006). Collaborative

Research Critical Appraisal Article Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Appraisal Article - Research Paper Example Need for urgent treatment and trauma undermine initiatives for preserving fertility and little knowledge exists on perception of the patients and their decisions on fertility preservation following availed information. The clinical problem was therefore preservation of fertility among cancer patients, who are still in their reproductive age, prior to treatment. The research problem however, was lack of knowledge on perception of cancer among patients of the reproductive age, based on availed information, and use of fertility preservation techniques. This knowledge, among care providers and patients, can inform decisions on preservation of fertility (Peddie, Porter, Barbour, Culligan, MacDonald, King, Horn, and Bhattacharya, 2012). The author established significance of the study through identifying the target population, significance of reproduction to the population, and threat to reproduction due to uninformed decisions into cancer treatment, following diagnosis. Importance of reproduction to the society identifies significance of the problem to every individual who has understood the role of procreation and wish for personal fertility of that of a friend, relative, or an associate. Identification of existence of fertility preservation techniques that were still underutilized also established significance of the study to diagnosed cancer patients and those who have not been diagnosed with cancer because everyone is at risk. The purpose of the study was to expand the audience’s knowledge on factors that influence people’s decisions to preserve their fertility following cancer diagnosis and current application of available fertility preservation methods. The study aimed at developing knowledge on patients’ perception on and use of fertility preservation method and these relate to the research problem of lack of knowledge on patients’ perception on and application of the preservation techniques. The objective

Ppt Financial Derivatives Essay Example for Free

Ppt Financial Derivatives Essay GLOBAL EDITION MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS FINANCE 12TH EDITION David K. Arthur I. Michael H. EITEMAN University of California, Los Angeles STONEHILL Oregon State University and the University of Hawaii at Manoa MOFFETT Thunderbird School of Global Management Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Contents PART I G l o b a l Financial E n v i r o n m e n t 1 Chapter 1 Globalization and the MyBtiBnatiomaO Enterprise 2 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise 3 The Theory of Comparative Advantage 4 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? 7 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm 8 The Globalization Process 9 Summary Points 13 MINI-CASE: Porsche Changes Tack 13 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 19 Chapter 2 Financial Goals and Corporate Governance Who Owns the Business? 22 What Is the Goal of Management? 24 Corporate Governance 28 Summary Points 40 MINI-CASE: Governance Failure at Enron 41 Questions n Problems n Internet Exercises 45 22 Chapter 3 IDie international Monetary System History of the International Monetary System 50 Contemporary Currency Regimes 56 Emerging Markets and Regime Choices 62 The Birth of a European Currency: The Euro 64 Exchange Rate Regimes: What Lies Ahead? 69 Summary Points 70 MINI-CASE: The Revaluation of the Chinese Yuan 71 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 74 50 Chapter 4 International Business Transactions: The BaBance of Payments Typical Balance of Payments Transactions: China 79 Fundamentals of Balance of Payments Accounting 80 The Accounts of the Balance of Payments 81 The Capital and Financial Account 83 The Balance of Payments in Total 89 The Balance of Payments Interaction with Key Macroeconomic Variables 91 Trade Balances and Exchange Rates 94 Capital Mobility 97 Summary Points 99 MINI-CASE: Turkeys Kriz (A): Deteriorating Balance of Payments 100 Questions †¢ Problems D Internet Exercises 102 78 Chapter 5 Current Multinational Financial Challenges: The Credit Crisis of 2007-2009 106 The Seeds of Crisis: Subprime Debt 106 The Transmission Mechanism: Securitization and Derivatives of Securitized Debt 109 The Fallout: The Crisis of 2007 and 2008 120 xiv Contents xv The Remedy: Prescriptions for an Infected Global Financial Organism 129 Summary Points 131 MINI-CASE: Letting Go of Lehman Brothers 132 Questions D Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 134 PART II Foreign Exchange Theory and Markets Chapter The Foreign Exchange Market 138 137 Geographical Extent of the Foreign Exchange Market 138 Functions of the Foreign Exchange Market 139 Market Participants 140 Transactions in the Interbank Market 142 Foreign Exchange Rates and Quotations 148 Summary Points 156 MINI-CASE: The Venezuelan Bolivar Black Market 157 Questions D Problems a Internet Exercises 160 Chapter? InternationaB Parity Conditions 164 Prices and Exchange Rates 164 Interest Rates and Exchange Rates 172 Forward Rate as an Unbiased Predictor of the Future Spot Rate 181 Prices, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates in Equilibrium 183 Summary Points 184 MINI-CASE: Currency Pass-Through at Porsche 185 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 186 Appendix: An Algebraic Primer to International Parity Conditions 193 Chapter 8 Foreign Currency ierivatoves Foreign Currency Futures 198 Currency Options 201 Foreign Currency Speculation 203 Option Pricing and Valuation 210 Currency Option Pricing Sensitivity 213 Prudence in Practice 221 197 Summary Points 222 MINI-CASE: Warren Buffetts Love-Hate Relationship with Derivatives 223 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 226 Appendix: Currency Option Pricing Theory 230 Chapter 9 Interest Rate and Currency Swaps 234 Defining Interest Rate Risk 234 Management of Interest Rate Risk 237 Trident Corporation: Swapping to Fixed Rates 245 Currency Swaps 246 Trident Corporation: Swapping Floating Dollars into Fixed Rate Swiss Francs 247 Counterparty Risk 249 Summary Points 250 MINI-CASE: McDonalds Corporations British Pound Exposure 251 Questions n Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 252 Chapter 10 Foreign Exchange Rate Determination and Forecasting Exchange Rate Determination: The Theoretical Thread 257 The Asset Market Approach to Forecasting 260 2S6 XVI Contents Disequilibrium: Exchange Rates in Emerging Markets 262 Illustrative Case: The Asian Crisis ^262 Illustrative Case: The Argentine Crisis of 2002 265 Forecasting in Practice 270 Summary Points 274 MINI-CASE: JPMorgan Chases Forecasting Accuracy 274 Questions †¢ Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 276 PART III Foreign Exchange Exposure 281 Chapter 11 Transaction Exposure 282 Types of Foreign Exchange Exposure 282 Why Hedge? 284 Measurement of Transaction Exposure 287 Tridents Transaction Exposure 289 Management of an Account Payable 297 Risk Management in Practice 299 Summary Points 300 MINI-CASE: Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical (China) and the Euro 301 Questions D Problems D Internet Exercises 303 Appendix: Complex Options 312 Chapter 12 Operating Exposure 320 Attributes of Operating Exposure 320 Illustrating Operating Exposure: Trident 322 Strategic Management of Operating Exposure 326 Proactive Management of Operating Exposure 329 Contractual Approaches: Hedging the Unhedgeable 336 Summary Points 337 MINI-CASE: Toyotas European Operating Exposure 338 Questions a Problems a Internet Exercises 340 Chapter 13 Translation Exposure Overview of Translation 344 Translation Methods 347 Translation Example: Trident Europe 350 Comparing Translation Exposure with Operating Exposure 355 Managing Translation Exposure 355 Summary Points 359 MINI-CASE: LaJolla Engineering Services 360 Questions H Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 362 PART IV Financing the Global Firm 365 Chapter 14 The Global Cost and Availability of Capita! 36 ® Weighted Average Cost of Capital 368 The Demand for Foreign Securities: The Role of International Portfolio Investors 373 The Cost of Capital for MNEs Compared to Domestic Firms 379 Solving a Riddle: Is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for MNEs Really Higher Than for Their Domestic Counterparts? 380 Summary Points 382 MINI-CASE: Novo Industri A/S (Novo) 383 Questions D Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 387 Contents xvii Chapter 15 Sourcang Equity Globally 391 Designing a Strategy to Source Equity Globally 392 Foreign Equity Listing and Issuance 395 Effect of Cross-Listing and Equity Issuance on Share Price 397 Barriers to Cross-Listing and Selling Equity Abroad 399 Alternative Instruments to Source Equity in Global Markets 400 Summary Points 404 MINI-CASE: Petrobras of Brazil and the Cost of Capital 404 Questions †¢ Problems a Internet Exercises 408 Optimal Financial Structure 410 Optimal Financial Structure and the MNE 411 Financial Structure of Foreign Subsidiaries 414 International Debt Markets 418 Summary Points 424 MINI-CASE: Tirstrup BioMechanics (Denmark): Raising Dollar Debt 424 Questions †¢ Problems o Internet Exercises 426 PART V Foreign Investment Decisions Chapter 17 431 International Portfolio Theory and Diversificationi. 432 International Diversification and Risk 432 Internationalizing the Domestic Portfolio 435 National Markets and Asset Performance 441 Summary Points 446 MINI-CASE: Is Modern Portfolio Theory Outdated? 447 Questions a Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 448 Chapter 18 Foreign Direct Investment Theory and Political Risk Sustaining and Transferring Competitive Advantage 452 The OLI Paradigm and Internalization 455 Deciding Where to Invest 457 How to Invest Abroad: Modes of Foreign Involvement 458 Foreign Direct Investment Originating in Developing Countries 462 Foreign Direct Investment and Political Risk 464 Assessing Political Risk 465 Firm-Specific Risks 466 Country-Specific Risks: Transfer Risk 469 Country-Specific Risks: Cultural and Institutional Risks 472 Global-Specific Risks 476 Summary Points 479 MINI-CASE: Mattels Chinese Sourcing Crisis of 2007 480 Questions a Problems a Internet Exercises 483 452 Chapter 19 Multinational Capital Budgeting 487 Complexities of Budgeting for  a Foreign Project 488 Project versus Parent Valuation 489 Illustrative Case: Cemex Enters Indonesia 490 Real Option Analysis 502 Project Financing 503 Summary Points 505 MINI-CASE: Tridents Chinese Market Entry—An Application of Real Option Analysis 505 Questions n Problems †¢ Internet Exercises 507 xviii Contents PART VI Managing Multinational Operations Chapter 20 Multinational Tax Management 513 514 Tax Principles 514 Transfer Pricing 522 Tax Management at Trident 524 Tax Haven Subsidiaries and International Offshore Financial Centers 525 Summary Points 527 MINI-CASE: Stanley Works and Corporate Inversion 527 Questions †¢ Problems n Internet Exercises 531 Chapter 21 Working Capital Management 535 Trident Brazils Operating Cycle 535 Tridents Repositioning Decisions 537 Constraints on Repositioning Funds 539 Conduits for Moving Funds by Unbundling Them 539 International Dividend Remittances 540 Net Working Capital 542 International Cash Management 548 Financing Working Capital 552 Summary Points 556 MINI-CASE: Honeywell and Pakistan International Airways 557 Questions †¢ Problems n Internet Exercises 559 Chapter 22 Global Petroleum Development: Fiscal Regimes and Funding Financing Petroleum Development 566 Fiscal Regimes 566 Development Agreements 566 Concessions 569 Royalty/Tax Systems 570 Production Sharing Agreements 572 Service Agreements 574 Added Contractual Features 576 Top-Line Risks 578 Petroleum Prices 579 A Hypothetical Sub-Saharan PSA 581 PSA Evolution 584 Funding Petroleum Development 587 Summary Points 590 MINI-CASE: Petroleum Development and the Curse of Oil 590 Questions †¢ Problems o Internet Exercises 593 565 Answers to Selected Problems Glossary Index 598 610 595 Credits 627

Relationship between development and freedom

Relationship between development and freedom Sen, A (2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Chapter 1. The author conceptualizes development as ‘the gap between an exclusive concentration on economic wealth and a broader focus on the lives we can lead (p.14) emphasizing that the theory of development goes well beyond wealth accumulation and gross national product growth. The chapter examines the relationship between development and freedom, the way in which freedom is a component of development and an extensive view of ‘freedom encompassing both opportunities that people have and processes that allow for ‘freedom of decisions. The main arguments of the author is that development should be assessed by ‘freedom of accessibility to factors such as social opportunities, health care, clean water, economic security, civil rights and political freedom. Lack of accessibility means ‘unfreedom. Development therefore should mean that people can live the lives they want to live and precisely, how can a nation say in all entirety that it has ‘freedom when its citizens cannot afford the very basic necessities of life or fulfill the rights they are entitled to? Sen goes on further to compare different views of poverty in both developing and developed nation by analyzing ‘freedoms through values, poverty and inequality, income and mortality, markets and freedom, tradition and culture. The author sees the process of development beyond economic growth or physical and human capital and concludes by linking the understanding of a broad view of the development process to the substantive ‘freedoms of people. Sens write up contains intriguing views but he hasnt mentioned what justifies his classification into these ‘freedoms i.e. experience of developing countries, factual historical evidence or how far ‘freedom has progressed within each context he identified. His definition is quite different from Rapleys in which Rapley describes development as more concerned with flexibility and adaptability (Rapley 2007 pp 5) and so raises a question. Can development be measured only by individual happiness without economic growth and stability? Happiness, in my opinion is geared more towards Rapleys definition and should be adapted into the process of economic growth. Willis, K. (2005) Theories and Practices of Development. London. Routledge. p. 32-42. Willis chapter 2 of theories and practices of development analyses development theories and practices and how these theories were attached to the economic, social and political theories that developed in Europe from the 18th century. Williss interpretation raises some interesting facts about historical development of theories and she divides her study into various theories. The classical economists such as David Ricardo, an advocate of free trade and Adam Smith, in his famous book, Wealth of Nations ‘responded to the trade focus of economic policy at that time (p.32) when trade was a major factor of economic growth. Here, protectionist measures such as high tariffs were highly used by merchants. Willis goes on to say Adam Smith was not in favour of this form of regulation and that it was harmful to the countrys economic growth. Instead, greater focus on production and division of labour which will be regulated by the ‘invisible hand of the market (p.33). The Great depression of the 1930s and other economic happenings gave rise to Keynes argument of the free market not necessarily a positive force but government intervention in the promotion of economic growth while postwar reconstruction period was a time to reflect on the economic crises that occurred at that time and provide solutions to their re-occurrence. This led to the creation of the Bretton woods institutions to assist in the promotion of ‘stable economic growth within a capitalist system (p. 36) Willis describes the linear stages theory and makes emphasis on Rostow, the American economist and political theorists stages of Economic growth to development. Here, development was seen as a state where a large number of the population could afford to spend largely on consumer products and development was viewed as modern, moving from agricultural societies to an industrial economy. While she tries to decipher early theoretical ideas, Willis has not made clear linkages between some of these theories and how they have come to evolve in economic debates and discussions over time. Chang, H., and Ilene G. (2004) ‘Reclaiming Development from the Washington Consensus, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2), 274-291. The fundamental of this article is to correct the notion that there is no alternative to the Washington Consensus. The authors argue that ‘neoliberal policies have failed to achieve their goals in developing world (p. 274) and so discuss the major development myths for justifying neoliberal policies that have been harmful to developing world and perhaps as a complacency to the reader, possible alternatives to these policies. These myths, evaluated individually, describe how these policies have lacked credibility. Myth 1; In contrast to the neoliberal policy success, the reality is that the policy has not promoted its main aim of economic growth. Myth 2; Developed countries gained success through free market policies whereas records claim they relied upon interventionist policies for development. Myth 3; Only neoliberal policies can succeed in todays global environment whereas in fact there is evidence of ‘continuing institutional and policy divergence across national boundaries (p. 277) Myth 4; Discipline imposed by international institutions to keep them honest whereby placing policy making authority in the hands of these organizations. Myth 5; The East Asian model cannot be replicated when in fact most developed countries utilized this model. Myth 6; Developing countries should imitate the Anglo American model of capitalism which fared poorly in the economic boom of the 1990s. The authors went ahead to put forward alternative policies for faster economic development which includes the financial system providing adequate finance quantities for investment projects at appropriate prices, enforcing strict laws on new foreign loans incurred by domestic borrowers, defocusing on budget balance and maximizing FDI potentials to promote economic and industrial development in developing countries While arguing for these policies, it will be sensible to note that economies are different and there can be no ‘best practice policy that everyone should use (Chang 2003). Policies for development should not be ‘fixed but depend on stages of development of a developing nation and other factors such as resource capacity, economic, political and social conditions. Pender, J. (2001) ‘From Structural Adjustment to Comprehensive Development Framework: Conditionality Transformed? Third World Quarterly, 22 (3), 397-411. Pender reviews how the World Banks approach to development has changed over decades and brought about important shifts to its conditionality approach. In the light of new changes between the 90s and today, the World Bank formulated a Comprehensive Development Framework, based on a relationship of partnership to replace its erstwhile structural adjustment lending (p. 397). The author examines why the World Banks perspectives of development changed through different periods; In the 1980s to early 90s, GDP was used as a measure of development as the Bank was mostly concerned with rapid economic growth and sustenance for least developed countries (LDC) and the adoption of policies such as restriction of state spending, controlling inflation, commodity exports and privatization as factors to achieve development. The 1990s drew lack of confidence in these policies and there were strong doubts about its competence judging from the success of the Asian Economies that developed rapidly without the World Banks policy prescriptions. This informed the Bank to change its 1980 view about minimal state role in development and that ‘growth by itself is not enough (p 401). Thus in 1990, a formulation of an approach based on both ‘labour intensive growth and ‘widespread provision of basic social services (p.401). In spite of these alterations, there were criticisms that the Bank reforms were not aiding Africas growth but rather, increasing stagnant economies through the implementation of the Banks policies. According to Pender, the Bank lost confidence in its policy framework in early 1995, with the Asian miracle and LDCs failure and was forced to critique its own policies and re-orientate. This modification was experimented between 1995-1997 with ‘improvements in the understanding of economic development and poverty reduction as the central focus. The author gives clear informed views of the process of policy change within the World Bank at different times but fails to analyze the impact of this new focus of poverty reduction and its success to the development of todays third world countries. Chang, H. (2003) Kicking away the ladder. Development Strategy in Historical Perspectives. London, Anthem Press. Chapter 1. Changs analysis centers around one question, ‘How did the rich countries really become rich? He uncovers some myths about developed countries developmental experience and argues that developed countries did not develop through the same policies that they recommend to the developing world. This pressure from developed countries to the developing world to adopt a set of ‘good policies that they adopted when they themselves were developing is faced with criticisms because ‘historical evidence suggests otherwise and goes on to say that they are trying to hide the ‘secret of their success (p. 2). Some of these policies include liberalization of trade, privatization, restrictive macroeconomic policies and deregulation but facts show that most of the developing countries used export subsidies and industry protection, industrial policies that the WTO disapproves in the present world. The USA and UK were examples of ardent users of these same ‘policies frowned at in contrast to the free trade policies and free market they preach. Chang quotes List, the German economist that ‘Britain was the first country to perfect the art of infant industry promotion which is the principle behind most countries journey to success (p. 3). He argues that developed countries, while alleging to recommend good policies to developing countries are actually trying to ‘kick away the ladder of their own economic development. A conclusion is drawn on some methodological issues of David Ricardos neoliberal policies to Friedrich Lists infant industry argument that while developed countries preach Ricardo to developing nations, they actually pursued Lists policies in the past. Although Chang did not confront and compare works of economic historians e.g. L.E Birdzells How the West grew rich in relation to his How did the rich countries really become rich to identify similar or different conclusions, his examination of historical materials to reach important and interesting conclusions is a contribution that is immensely valuable to the current debates on development that will evidently challenge contemporary policies and enrich development theory. REFERENCES Chang, H. (2003) Kicking away the ladder. Development Strategy in Historical Perspectives. London, Anthem Press. Chapter 1. Chang, H., and Ilene G. (2004) ‘Reclaiming Development from the Washington Consensus, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2), 274-291. Pender, J. (2001) ‘From Structural Adjustment to Comprehensive Development Framework: Conditionality Transformed? Third World Quarterly, 22 (3), 397-411. Rapley, J. (2007) Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in the Third World (3rd edition). Colorado. Lynne Reinner. Sen, A (2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Chapter 1. Willis, K. (2005) Theories and Practices of Development. London. Routledge. p. 32-42.

Interracial Dating Essay -- essays research papers

Many interracial couples are faced with negative reactions from society, making it hard for them to have a regular relationship. They have to deal with disapproval from their own race, pessimistic reactions from family and friends, and not to mention the ignorance of society as a whole. Why is interracial dating so controversial? Is not racism a thing of the past, or is that what we would like to believe? People who date and socialize with people of different racial groups frequently experience negative reactions. Many of the disapproving messages come from people of their own racial group. They scoff and make fun of the idea that they are dating someone with a different tone of skin or ethnic background. According to a poll taken in 1992, many people believe that people should date within their race to keep the unity within the ethnic community. It is like they believe in sequestering each racial group. They believe that every race is uniquely special and should not be integrated. Mixing races would only cause problems. Probably one of the most hurtful things in life is having to deal with family and friends who are not supportive of the people you truly like and love. One might wonder what may cause family and friends to rebel against interracial dating. As explained in Verna Stolkes’ book entitled Marriage, Class and Color in the 19th Century Cuba, many families may oppose the bonding of their loved one with someone of another race because of political reasons, religio...

Puc 1st Year Model Question Paper

SHREE SHIVASHANKARA SWAMY GOVT. P. U. COLLEGE-UTTANGI:DIST:BELLARY MID-TERM EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER NOVEMBER 2012 STD:PUC FIRST YEAR: SUB:ENGLISH: TOTAL MARKS: 90; DATE:26-11-2012 Q. NO I:Answer the following questions in a word or a phrase or a sentence each: 1X12=12 1)What was Steve crazy about? 2)Where did the bats live in large number? 3)Why did the narrator feel that his future was secure? 4)The animal without hands or legs refered to in the story‘The Rightful Inheriters Of the earth’is_______ a)Bat b)Cobra c)butterfly (choose the correct answer) 5)What was the formula given by Einstein for success? )How did the mother understand that her little daughter was dead in the church blast? 7)Who gave the cap to Steve? 8)In the poem ‘The Ballad Of Birmingham’,the girl wanted to go to _________(fill in the blank) 9)Who broke the silence in the poem ‘For Elkana’? 10)The logician referred to in the poem ‘For Elkana’ is__________. a)Th e mother b)The father c)The son (choose the correct answer) 11)Where did Steve see his lost cap? 12)How much did the cap fetch for the Diamonds at last? Q.NO ||: Answer any eight of the following choosing atleast two questions from the poetry in 80-100 words each: 13)What were the different attitudes of the mother and the daughter about the Freedom March? 4X8=32 14)Describe Einstein’s sense of humour. 15)How did the narrator’s wife try to kill the rats? What was the result of it? 16)Describe how Steve got the cap in the ball park. 17)Give two instances to explain Einstein’s absent mindedness? 18)How did the son become a binding force between the father and the mother in the poem ‘For Elkana’? 9)Why did Steve have to lose the cap again in the Hudsons’ house? 20)Describe the different interlopers into the narrator’s garden in the lesson ‘The Rightful Inheriters Of The Earth’. 21)Why did the little girl go to Einstein’ s house? How does this incident bring out Einstein’sgreatness? 22)What was the effect of Steve’s finding the cap? Q. NO|||:Answer the following in about 200 words: 6X1=6 23)How did the narrator’s wife try to kill the bats? Why was she not successful? OR Describe how Dave and Steve were re-united at the end of the story ‘A Cap For Steve’.OR ‘Einstein was not only a great scientist, but also a great human being’. Explain. Q. NO IV:Read the following passage and answer the questions set on it in a word /a phrase /a sentence each: 1X10=10 Alexander the Great is still considered as one of the greatest conquerors of the world. When Alexander was only 14 years old, he tamed the wild horse Bucephalus. Later, he rode this horse in all his battles. Alexander’s father, Philip, became the king of Macedonia in 359BC. But he was murdered. After him, Alexander became the King at the age of 20.Alexander had received the training of warfare from his father. The great philosopher Aristotle was his intellectual mentor. The young Alexander attacked the Persian Empire in about 334BC. He achieved great victories and then attacked Egypt and established a city called Alexandria at the mouth of the river Nile. When Alexander entered Asia Minor, he married a rich and beautiful princess, Roxana. He fought his last great battle with the brave Indian King, Porus. He won this battle with great difficulties. He liked the courage and pride of Porus.He returned the kingdom of Porus and became his close friend. Alexander died in June 323 BC in Babylon. 24)Name the wild horse that Alexander tamed? 25)Who was Alexander’s father? 26)At what age did Alexander become the king? 27)Who was the intellectual mentor of Alexander? 28)Alexander established a city on the bank of the river ____ a)the Ganga b)the Nile c)Amazon (choose the correct answer) 29)Name the city established by Alexander. 30)Whom did Alexander marry? 31)Name the Indian king who fought bravely against Alexander? 32)When did Alexander die? 3)Where did Alexander die? Q. NO. V:A)Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions given in the brackets: 1X6=6 34) Einstein never missed __ opportunity to learn __ others. Once __ little school girl who lived __ his neighbourhood approached him __ his assistence. __ girl went __ Einsteins house. (a, an, the, to, for, from, in) B)Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs given in brackets: 1X6=6 35) Steve told his parents that he _ _ (be + play )baseball in the park. When he__ (run) the bases, the cap __(fall)off.It was still too big despite the tuck his mother_ _(have + take)in the band. So the next time he __ (come) to bat, he __ it in his pocket. C)Choose the correct form of the verb given in bracket. 36)Bats __ (is / are) not the souls of our ancestors. 37)Nobody __ (know / knows)the right answer. 38)Both of them __ (were / was) in the same place. 39)The boy __ (has / have) a demand. 40)The mother __ (race / races) through the streets of Birmingham. 41)You __ (will / shall) never know it. 42)Mahatma Gandhiji __ (was / is) the father of our nation. 43)Owl __ (am / is) not a vegetarian creature.D)44)Write a letter to the principal of your college requesting him to issue your transfer certificate. Show the following reasons for your request: Your father has been transfered; You have taken admission in another college. E)Correct the following sentences and rewrite them: 45)I am loving my mother. 46)She has took her pen 47)Sachin is a best player. 48)My brother and I am coming. 49)You are there, are you? 1X5=5 5 1X8=8 ——————————————— The End ————————————————————————————à ¢â‚¬â€œ

Authoritative Parenting Model Essay

Establishing discipline through authoritative parenting is an effective style because it displays secure emotional development, allows a higher quality of supportive peer relationships and enhances problem-solving skills for the child. Research has shown that authoritative parenting is the most effective style of parenting. Authoritative parenting is the one style that promotes equal involvement between the parent and child. (Cherry, 2013a). The parent displays fair discipline, warmth and nurturing, effective communication with the child and sets certain expectations on behavior and maturity. This parenting style promotes a â€Å"democratic† model in which parents are  responsive to the child’s needs, thoughts and concerns. These parents will listen to questions the child may have on expectations set. Simply put by these parents are direct but not over bearing. (Cherry, 2013b). They reason instead of just punishing the child. Parents of this model want their children to be self-assured, socially approachable and cooperative. This furthermore, clearly defines that the authoritative style allows open communication between parent and child, love, guidance, nurturing, explanation of discipline and balance for the child. The authoritative parenting style is about setting limits, reasoning with kids, and being responsive to their emotional needs. (Dewar, 2013). These types of parents offer children a great deal of emotional support. While setting high standards for a child, parents who practice the authoritative style are responsive to the needs of children, demand children to show respect as well as provide a nurturing environment. In setting limits, children will often comply with respect to their parents and act responsibly. When children misbehave, the authoritative parent provides discipline as well and pointing out and discussing the misbehavior. The parent further provides reasoning to the act. In addition, parents allow for verbal responses and communication  from the child that promotes a sense of balance. As Dewar further states, there is evidence that this style helps kids become more empathic, helpful, conscientious, and kind to others. Dewar also suggests, authoritative parents are both highly responsive and very demanding. Overall, this is one of the best ways to define the authoritative parenting style. Evidenced  research provides several conclusions that children raised by authoritative parents are more likely to become independent, socially accepted by peers, academically productive, and well mannered. (Dewar, 2013). Children often become more supportive, reliable, and thoughtful to family and peers. Authoritative parents promote secure attachments and allow children to communicate their concerns and feelings. In doing so, children are less likely to internalize problems. Talking with a child will allow them to verbalize both good and bad, learning from these better choices and avoiding future mistakes. In the end, children will become better with problem solving skills and positive emotional well-being. Authoritative parenting offers secure emotional development of a child. These parents exhibit respectable emotional understanding and control, encourage children to manage their own emotions and learn to understand others as well. (Cherry, 2013b). The authoritative parenting style focuses on parents listening to what their children have to say, place reasonable limits that have set consequences for certain behaviors and encourage an independent child. Parents are warm and welcoming to discuss anything with the child but do not do this in a robust manner. This parent is consistent with discipline but expects the child take responsibility for their actions. The parents do not judge or place immediate blame, they listen to what the child has to say. In return, these children tend to be capable of making appropriate decisions, have a sense of pride and happiness with themself and achieve goals set for them effectively. In other words, the authoritative parent encourages a child to set expectations of their own to succeed,  work through problems, develop their own skill sets and accomplish a strong sense of confidence. Diane Baumrind’s research shows that these children display a happier disposition, have effective control of their emotions, exhibit s social interaction and are self-starters in learning new things. (Cherry, 2013a). Multiple studies have been done that prove authoritative parents score high on measures of warmth and responsiveness and high on measures of control and maturity demands (Spera, 2005). This is likely due to the parent’s warm and responsive manner in which the child is approached by the parent. The parents due demand a high level of maturity from the child, but do so with balance, affection, and bidirectional communication to nurture relationships. The parent gives explanation of why a child should act a certain way in social or serious situation. Parents also help the child to prioritize what is important to succeed socially and academically. This is referred to as the demandingness/responsive model. (Spera, 2005). Demandingness refers to the demands parents make on their children to become unified with family and united in society with others. Parents hold certain levels of demand for their children, but provide direction, and discipline when appropriate. Responsiveness refers to parental actions that purposefully encourage individuality, self-confidence and contention of the child. With parental responsiveness, parents are receptive and understanding of the child’s needs. Parenting in this manner and with warmth and understanding, this can make a child’s temperament more calm, happy, adaptable, regulate sleeping and eating habits, set a positive mood and encourage interest in new experiences. Research has found that the best-adjusted children have parents with an authoritative style (Gurian, 2011). These parents are able to balance with definitions, place high demands with emotional responsiveness and maintain respect for their child’s independence. Parents need to remember though; children also have their own style and temperament. They do  react differently in given situations and parents must recognize those differences, especially in families with many siblings. Differences in these types of children are the easy going, calm, happy child who possess healthy habits, is generally in a good mood at all time and is interested in many different activities. In contrast, difficult child may be fussy, negative, and emotionally weak and get upset easily. Authoritative parents must understand the given situation and find a good â€Å"fit† to meet the child’s demands. Being consistent is key as well. Setting limits on the child, providing ongoing encouragement, recognizing accomplishments, discussing solutions to problems and consistent communication is a must. Constructive conversation and encouragement with balance develop a strong relationship. Parents need to gain and maintain respect from their children to be able to teach them how to develop strong social relationships. Parents are the influential to child as they set limits and rules with respect to each individual in the family. A warm parent is full encouragement, bi directional communication, and love. (Harkey, 2012). The authoritative style is obviously the one that parents should strive for when parenting. When this type of parenting is accomplished a child will be happy, content and successful. Children will strive for balance and selfconfidence to develop strong peer relationships. Authoritative parents practice demandingness and response. They balance control and empathy that results in a thriving relationship with the child. These parents also do not put more on a child then they feel the child can handle. Again, they listen to the child’s needs and help them to make better decisions. Authoritative parent practices  increase the importance of peer relationships for adolescents. This parenting style encourages a variety of positive outcomes for adolescents with quality, supportive friendships. (Beck, 2011). Peer friendships are important to all children especially in the adolescent years. Support from friends helps to develop a higher self-esteem  during this time and makes teens feel important. The authoritative parenting style promotes this as parents discuss school events, peer relationships and emotions with the child. Studies show that strong peer relationships are related to better social skills and develop leadership qualities in teens. (Beck, 2011). Parents encourage teens to become involved in these types of relationships. Parents encourage externalized communication, involvement in teen activities, questions about their peer relationships and strong communications. At the same time, parents demand certain behaviors and will not tolerate inappropriate teen behaviors. Parents must remember not to wait to form these bonds with children in the adolescent years; these bonds must being in early childhood and continued throughout the early adulthood years. Parents must also recognize that teens may begin to reference peers for advice and problem solving skills. Parent involvement without being over bearing is essential to maintain a balanced relationship with the child. Authoritative parenting is effective for positive outcomes of the child in problem solving skills as well as success with peer relationships (Spera, 2005). Spera reviews findings that speak to research of children from authoritative parenting styles and that are associated with positive school  outcomes. In his review of such research he suggests that authoritative parents provide many idea dynamics that lead to high academic performance. Authoritative parents provide a high level of emotional security. This allows the child a sense of comfort and helps them to succeed in their school and peer relationships. Spera also defines that authoritative parents provide their children with explanations for their actions. Explanations provide children with a sense of interpretation and mindfulness of their parents’ values, morals, and goals. These are the building blocks to success in academic and social performance. Authoritative parents participate with the child in bidirectional communication. This style furthermore promotes better skills in interpersonal relations, sets a higher level of confidence and more popular children. These  interpersonal skills are a direct reflection of how a child will succeed in school, both socially and academically. Authoritative parents take a different, more moderate approach that emphasizes setting high standards, being nurturing and responsive, and showing respect for children as independent, rational beings. The authoritative parent expects maturity and cooperation, and offers children a lot of emotional support. Quality parenting is ongoing and offers warm and secure bonds between the parent and child. Children raised in this environment are less likely to internalize their feelings as authoritative parents encourage the child to talk about their thoughts and feelings. Also when a child makes a mistake, the parents must approach the situation in a caring manner vs. a blaming tone. This can  provide openness and solutions to problem solving and in turn children will become more effective learners from this process. Studies prove that encouraging independence in children reflect better problem solving skills and healthy emotional beings. (Dewar, 2010). This can provide the appropriate means for a child to become more helpful to others, caring and giving. In doing so, children will be viewed by peers as being kind, approachable and sometimes popular. The best-adjusted child, particularly in terms of social competence, has parents who utilize the authoritative, moderate parenting style. (Gurian, 2011). Gurian examines and compares the parenting styles researched for many years by Diane Baumrind that speaks to three different styles. These styles are authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parenting. Authoritative parenting, provides a balanced approach, demands expectations of appropriate behaviors, allow children to think through decisions and develop a sense of autonomy. Authoritarian patenting on the other hand, emphasizes strict discipline and severe punishment. Also, there is little affection shown. Permissive parenting, displays passionate warmth but this parent is hesitant to enforce rules. Gurian further explains that children from authoritative  families tend to be emotionally sound, well behaved and competent in academic performance. This makes them resourceful, and socially adept in all aspects of life. In reference to children from authoritarian families, they are fairly well behaved but lack social skills. Also these children tend to  suffer from anxiety, unhappiness, and lack of self-confidence. Children from permissive families may hold a high self esteem but tend to get involved in problem behaviors such as drug or alcohol abuse and are poor performers in academics. Findings show that among all the components of personality, there is a direct and significant relationship between openness personality trait and authoritative parenting style. (Mohammad, Nasirudin, Samadzadeh and Amini, 2012). It aims to explore the difference in parenting styles and personality dimensions. This leads children to broaden their scope of curiosity and wisdom, which helps them with problem solving skills. The authors of this abstract (Mohammad, Nasirudin, Samadzadeh and Amini, 2012) clearly research and study over 272 students from a national university. They used random sampling and a questionnaire to gather the information to be reviewed from these students as the authoritative parenting style is one compared to the others that improves secure being, focus, knowledge, and develops problem solving. Also, in this study it reflects that the authoritative parenting style is the one compared to the others that improves secure being within the child, focus, and knowledge and develops problem-solving skills. Results of this study also showed that parent’s educational manners and styles are effective on the development of children’s personality behaviors. Parents play an important role in meeting a child’s needs. It is imperative that a parent provides a healthy relationship with child using the authoritative style of open communication, warmth and love. Self-confidence for child throughout life is significant in decision-making. Children with authoritative education style have higher social-emotional growth and better academic  achievement. Parents display social support, mutual relationships, approachability, responsiveness and satisfaction towards children with an authoritative parenting style. This in turn results in the maturity of these mechanisms within children. Family is definitely the main support of a child’s personality traits and growth. Parenting styles are patterns for children’s enhancement that is formed by the consistent communication of parent/child and how they response to children’s behavior. Authoritative parents demand maturity and accountability from the child, but approach them in a kind way with explanation at all times. Various studies discussed by (Mohammad, Nasirudin, Samadzadeh and Amini, 2012) speak to the committed relationship and authoritative parenting style that has a direct reflection on academic achievement in children. It also has a positive impact on the well-being and mental health of the child. These parents guide direction and provide explanation and solutions for further success of these children and therefore have a direct reflection on problem solving of adolescent issues. The article by (Spera, 2005) evaluates the information on the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Spera speaks to research completed by Diane Baumrind that authoritative parents have high maturity demands and set expectations for achievement of their children. However, they foster maturity requests through bidirectional communication and encouragement of independence. The review of the practical research indicates that parental involvement and monitoring are strong predictors of adolescent achievement. Furthermore, the review specifies that authoritative parenting styles are often associated with advanced areas of student achievement. Parents find social skills important and entwine them in daily discussions with children. These topics can include social, academic and peer topics for discussion. Volunteering at school, helping children with homework and attending school events such as extracurricular activities are the many ways parents can stay  involved with child. Parents must initiate this type of involvement with children, as it will result in positive outcomes for the child. Moreover, Spera speaks to studies with adolescents that have found that parental assistance with homework is positively related to the amount of time adolescents spend on their homework. Parents who value the education as their child will result in those child to succeed in their academic practices as well as social interaction with peer groups (Spera, 2005). This results in personal and professional growth of the child. It also teaches children to respect their studies and understand why education is to be valued. Setting goals together can prove effective. Also, mature and self-confident children succeed with an authoritative parent if bidirectional communication is maintained. The abstract by (Turner, Chandler, and Heffer, 2009) also provides information about the effectiveness of appropriate parenting styles in relation to academic performance. The results of the current study of college students concludes that parenting characteristics such as concern, love and warmth continue to play an important role in prompting a student’s academic performance while in college. It also speaks to self- esteem as it relates to success in college students. In doing so, it discusses research and studies that tested the interaction between child self-efficacy and authoritative parenting. In general, an authoritative parenting style emphasizing both responsiveness and demandingness appears superior in fostering higher academic performance. This provides reasoning as to why authoritative parenting is effective in the child’s progress through adolescence and early adulthood. Several other studies by Diane Baumrind have indicated that there is a positive link between authoritative parenting style and academic performance. These children are motivated constantly by their parents and provide ongoing  reassurance of goals and values. Authoritative parents encourage a high self-esteem and promote the ability for the child to mature, organize and achieve goals in a warm, secure way. These positive actions build success and growth for the child as they learn to work through problems, difficult scenarios and achieve success academically. Self-efficacy is strongly related to academic achievement especially at the college level. Again parents play an important role to assist in the development of maturity and self-assurance of the child beginning early in life. As children mature and begin on their own at the college levels, parents still can play an important role on the continued success. According to studies reviewed in the article of (Turner, Chandler, and Heffer, 2009). Students who come from an authoritative parenting style not only achieve overall academic success but tend to have a higher GPA. Ongoing research over the years shows that establishing discipline through authoritative parenting is one of the most effective styles because it provides secure emotional development, allows a higher quality of supportive social relationships and enhances problem-solving skills for the child. The authoritative parenting style is one in which parents display warmth, rationalization and understanding that provide a sense of security and self-perseverance of the child. These parents allow child involvement with an emphasis on bidirectional communication. Parents provide ideal problem  solving skills at all ages for future success by demanding maturity from the child but provide a positive and encouraging approach with balance to a develop strong peer relationships. Authoritative parents provide warmth, understanding and love to promote a child’s self confidence for overall academic and personal achievement throughout life. REFERENCES Beck, K. (2011). The role of mothers’ authoritative  parenting in adolescent attachment and social relationships. [Abstract]. Cherry, K. (2013a). Parenting styles: the four styles of parenting. About.com Psychology. Retrievedfrom http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/paren ting-style.htm?r=et. Cherry, K. (2013b). What is authoritative parenting? About.com Guide to Psychology. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/childcare/f/authoritativeparenting.htm Dewar, G. (2013, March). The authoritative parenting style: Warmth, rationality, and high standards. A guide for the science-minded parent http://www.parentingscience.com/authoritative-parenting-style.html Dewar, G. (2010). Parenting styles: A guide for the science-minded http://www.parentingscience.com/parenting-styles.html Gurian, A. (2011, July). Parenting styles/children’s temperaments: the match. NYU Child Study Center. Retrieved from http://www.aboutourkids.org/articles/parenting_styleschildren039s_temperaments _match Harkey, N, & Jourgensen, T. (2012). Parenting by temperament: Authoritative parenting [Kindle edition]. Retrieved from Amazon.com Mohammad, M. Javidi, N., Samadzadeh, M. & Amini. M. ( 2012, September). 3332 Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 5 No. 9 Spera, C. (2005). A review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2), 125-146 Turner, E., Chandler, M., Heffer, R. (2009, May/June). The influence of parenting styles, achievement motivation, and self-efficacy on academic performance in college students. Journal of College Student Development, Volume 50, (3), 337-346. Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press.