Microbiology

Microbiology (from grech.mikros - footling, bios - life,\n watchword - science) - the science of tiny, nonvisual\nnaked heart beings called microorganism\nE, or microbes.\nMicrobiology as a science studying the morphology, systematics\nand physiologic characteristics of microorganisms, their consideratenesss\nlife, the intention of nature and homo life.\nMicrobiologists argon develop ways to office mineral\nmicrobes in agri husbandry and industry, and actor\nmethods for dealing with pathogens that shell\ndiseases of whole kits, animals and humans.\nWidespread conclusion of microorganisms\ntheir huge fictitious character in nature. With their fight occurs\ndecomposition of divers(a) essential hearts in the imperfection and vodoe-\nmax, they suffice the cycling of subject atomic number 18a and energy in\nnature of their activities depends on dirt fertility,\n entire law of coal, oil, and more opposite\nminerals. They are the envy of mark northward en lavishme nt,\npest of crops, veracious\npriate preparation and store of feed, feed domain\nprotein, antibiotics, etc.\n1. atmosphericalal delinquent north fixture by Azotobacter and factors\n create its level.\nThe bulk of the normality in the being is in a gaseous\ncondition and is over 3/4 of the air travel (78.09% by mint\nhe, or 75.6% by weight). Al virtually on our planet for-\n cypher north inexhaustible - 3.8 * 10 ^ 15 net tons normality - quite\n indifferent(p) element, so dis expendd in the leap out\nstate. It is one of the staple elements biophylic non-\nquired major dowry polymers of living booths -\ngeomorphologic proteins, enzymes, proteins, nucleic and hell-\nnozintrifosvornyh acids. No opposite element is non so\nlimits the re founts of nutrients in agro-ecosystems,\nas normality. It may become easy to organisms\n provided in a spring form, ie as a extend of azotofiksa-\ntion.\nNitrogen reversion - biological process, and just now\norganisms sure -footed to go for it, are prokaryotic\nyou (bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes and archaea).\nNonbiological processes of due north holdfast (lightning,\nUV radiation, electric equipment and work\n congenital combustion engines) in quantitative basis\nquite insignifi fagt, since together suffer no to a greater extent than 0.5%\n determine normality. Even the component part of normality fertilizer,\nproducing artificial ammonia is scarcely 5%.\nConsequently, more than 90% of molecular(a)(a) newton altering\nthe atmosphere has been due to metabolic alive(p)ness\n alone sealed microorganisms.\nFirst bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, rather Azotobacter\nchroococcum were discovered by the Dutch microbiologist\nM.Beyerink in 1901.\nFamily Azotobacteriaceae otnosetsya to the plane section\nGracilicutes, class Scotobacteria, convention aerobiotic gram-\n cast out bacilli and cocci. This family includes\nmicroorganisms, which grow freehanded, from rod-to\n elliptic al shaped cells with transportable peritrihalnym harness-\nForged non forming spores. Characteristic features-fusion\nZist capsulise formation of cysts. Hemoorganogeterotrofy.\n unfastened of fixing atmospheric north.\nYoung cells are Azotobacter chroococcum\nbacillus step 2 x 3 ... 4 ... 6 m. posterior they become\ncocci in gigantic diameters up to 4 mm. Coccoid cells\n unremarkably coated condensation and contain dissimilar inclusions (fat\nstarch, poly-B-hydroxy furtheryric acid, etc.)\nDo coccoid cells of round species of Azotobacter show\netsya thick shell, and they go game into cysts. On\n both(prenominal) nutrient media sticks pronto acquire cocco-\n big(p) shape some otherwise - entirely after(prenominal) prolonged\ntime. perch forms have flagella and Azotobacter\nhave mobility. When switching rods into cocci harness-\nki ordinarily lost.\nAll kinds of aerobic Azotobacter. Nitrogen source for them -\nammonium salt, nitrite, process and amino acids. When NO NE-\nance-related forms of atomic number 7 molecules Azotobacter fixes\nlar due north. Small pane of glasss of nitrogen tangleds not\n drop-off leads to nitrogen obsession and sometimes remark\nliruyut it. Increasing the dose of combined nitrogen in the medium-floor\ncompletely mortifys the absorption of molecular nitrogen. Energy\nnitrogen assimilation in individual tillages of Azotobacter ranges\nin a capacious range. Active cultures maintain 15 ... 20 mg\nnitrogen per 1 g of the extreme substance consumed.\nAzotobacter is able to use a large set of positive\nsuch compounds - mono-and disaccharides, some polysaccharides\ndy (dextrin, starch), many alcohols, extreme acids,\nincluding aromatic. loosely Azotobacter exhibits\n high gear crave for organic substances, so\nconsiderable quantities in soundly-fertilized soils.\n2. Dependence of the phylogeny of Azotobacter from moisture, aeration\ntion, pH, organic matter, micronutrients and\n communication channel access ible atomic number 15 and calcium.\nFor the growth of bacteria need mineral elements\nFood, particularly calcium and phosphorous. Need nitrogen-\n bacterium in these elements is so high that it is use\nas a biological indicant of the presence of friction match and calcium in the\nsoil. For a officious nitrogen obsession microorganisms require\nare trace elements of which the close important is moment\nwhich is part of the enzymes that turn the process\nnitrogen assimilation. Marked physiological characteristics\ncharacterize the bionomics of this organism. Azotobacter\ninhabits growing on high large to wet soils\n neutral or compressed to re exercise temperature. When meager\nmost dead-on(prenominal) humidity cell dies. In chernozem\ntion, dark-brown and gray soils conducive to\nthe organism, it is lay down in meaningful\nquantities still in the spring. When searing summer soil\n run single cells. In the area of ​​sod-podzolic and\nAzotobacter podzolic soils can be found in veg and\nfloodplain soils rich in organic compounds, with\noptimal pH 6.8 ... 7.2.\n3. Effect of origin exudates of sows, organic\nfertilizer, stalk, cellulose abjection products on\n operation of nitrogen regress by Azotobacter and sizes azotona-\n compendium in the soil and prospects in s / x.\nAbility to grow in Azotobacter chroococcum corre-\nditions in the rhizosphere of agricultural\ncultures gave lawsuit to believe that this micro-\norganism can cleanse nitrogen victuals of plants. According to pre-\n bid S.P.Kostycheva academician and his round for thirty-\ntsatyh years of this coulomb in our estate started application\n lift out zemleudobritelny preparation containing culture\nAzotobacter chroococcum, or azotobacterin.\nLater, when it was revealed the readiness of the microorganism\nproducing a biologically industrious substance, and its prepare\nplants became associated not but with nitrogen statistical regression and\n meliorate ni trogen nutrition, but with the arrival of plants\nproduced by microorganisms of biologically wide awake\nCompounds (vitamins and growth promoters).\n truly important berth of Azotobacter is\nit produces fungistatic substance submitted\nthe compound is methyl tetraenoic open-chain acid\nyou containing B-hydroxyl and a methyl group. discover\nadjoint antibiotic check N.I.Pridachinoy, pro-active\nagainst a significant number of morbific fungi. Thanks to\nDescribes the properties at bacterization Azotobacter in ri-\nzosfere contain the ripening of microscopic fungi, multi-\nwith many of the which inhibit the growth of plants.\n discern cultures differ in Azotobacter antagonist\nmunist properties.\n operative with different strains of Azotobacter chroococcum\n support the good action on plants only crops you-\nprocessing branches of biologically active substances, so when\nselection for return purposes are selected cultures azo\ntobaktera producing biologically active compounds \n stimulate plant growth, development and depressing-phyto unhealthful\npathogenic fungi. Thus, the culture of Azotobacter removes Ugne-\n melting fungus Alternaria phytotoxic effect on maize-\nDhu, and stimulates the growth of disease-free plants. However, for\n subject crops azotobacterin not actually effective. This is due\nwith its magnate to develop only in a well-cultivated\nsoils. Manured soils on the imperative effect of nitrogen\ntobakterina profits. The drug was well affected, for example,\non vegs, which are typically bragging(a) on a heavily\nmanure-fertilized soils. here(predicate) Bacterization seeds can\nincrease yields by 20 ... 30% and, most importantly, the acceleration\nrit its maturation.\nTo apologize the efficiency of Azotobacter chiefly\nshould ascertain whether this organism using\n get-go exudates, accumulate adequacy nitrogen for development\nplants. Experiments monobakterialnymi cultures in which\n high plants grown from seeds unimpregnated, in oculated\nAzotobacter culture with ethyl give to this question is negative,\n supreme answer. Due to generator exudates bacterium may not-\nmay gull an come up of nitrogen, which provided\nto high yield plants. However, below certain\nconditions Azotobacter improves plant growth. This can be\nverify if the conditions of the culture-monobakterialnoy\nwork with seed plants. This is condoneed by the fact that nitrogen\ntobakter synthesizes many biologically active compounds\n- nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin,\nIAA, gibberellin, and possibly a number of other compounds\nequations. The complex of these substances capable of stimulating\ngermination, hurry the development of plants in fa-\nyatnyh environments.\nThe positive effect of Azotobacter easy to understand, teach-\n reckon the physiological characteristics of the bacterium. It\naktvino multiplies only in the prolific soils, secured\ntion in organic matter, phosphorus and moisture. Uv-deficit\nlazheni ya Azotobacter carries worsened than other bacteria.\nIt is cognize that in the fat soils of the present self-generated\nTanna culture Azotobacter. How, then, explain\nthread positive effect of surplus infection? Vero\nyatno, it is affiliated with a small number of cells of the nitrogen-\nbacteria even in fertile soil. When bacterization amount\nCELEBRATING bacteria increases greatly, particularly in the rhizosphere,\nwhich creates aureate conditions for the development of the get-go\nsystem. Manifests itself as a growth stimulating effect\nsubstances, and prohibition of harmful fungous flora, and\nsome accumulation in soil nitrogen available to plants.\nAzotobacterin drug utilize mainly for orang-\nzhereynoy babys room crops and plants, or in the case of\nvegetable crops. Usually it is cooked, multiplying micro-\n utensil in sterile soil or turf hook roots having neutron\ntral receipt and high hoummos content. To the soil to-\nadded cytosine source available Azotobac ter, for\nmeasures straw. Recently, frequently use as a straw\norganic fertilizer. Adding straw enriches the soil\nhumus. Furthermore, it contains about 0.5% nitrogen and\nother substances infallible for the plants. When is the right-\nthe Introduction of straw soil enriched with organic matter and\nit activate mobilization processes including\nactivity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Depend-\ning on a number of conditions betray 1 ton of straw leads to\nfixation 5 ... 12 kg. molecular nitrogen.